Of the next generation of battery technology - fuel cell
With the increasing lack of natural resources and increase the environmental awareness of people, today's fuel cell development has been more attention and rapid development of fuel cell is a chemical energy directly to efficient, environmentally friendly and energy into the electrochemical device It is a green energy, energy conservation and environmental protection while addressing two major challenges the world dell inspiron 9400 battery, dell inspiron xps m170 battery, dell inspiron xps m1710 battery, so Western countries such as Japan, the United States and Europe have a fuel cell research and development program, China is also accelerating the process of fuel cell research, the development of fuel cells today nearly 200 years of history, which truly is a world wide attention in the 20th century, 50's, from today, but also about 50 years, but fuel cell technology development is rapid.
Power gap calls for a new power technology
Portable electronic products in the global popularity of the increasing appearance of their products as well as the function of small light to the battery has become increasingly complicated and new challenges, and in addition to laptops, mobile phones and digital cameras, other products, there are also similar to the power supply gap . Existing rechargeable battery technology has matured, but the lithium-ion rechargeable battery capacity is not much room for improvement (less than 5% per year), in meeting growing energy demand will be much more difficult. But in the next few years is expected inside the existing battery technology will not be able to meet the growing portable electronics products of the energy demand, new power technologies and products will be a huge market space and opportunities.
People's mobility more than ever before, and then expand the power of the gap. Notebook computer is the fastest growing areas, is expected shipments in 2006 to more than 50 million. Widespread adoption of Wi-Fi technology has actually cut off the shackles of Ethernet, and users will be the last hope is the path to remove the AC power cable, which is even more to promote a new battery technology.
The development of fuel cells
Because of its high energy conversion efficiency, clean and pollution-free, modular structural advantages and strong, fuel cells become the target of concern to the industry, to meet the immediate needs of the revolutionary power, fuel cells become a really strong player preparation. As early as 1839, British scientists made W Grove on the principle of generating hydrogen and oxygen reaction, which is the first hydrogen fuel cell (FC) model. So far fuel cells mainly four kinds of types, they are as shown in table 1.
Table 1 Classification of fuel cells
The type of phosphate-type fuel cell (PAFC) into the carbonate-type fuel cell (MCFC) Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) polymer ion-exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC)
Fuel gas, natural gas, coal gas as early as alcohol, natural gas, coal gas as early as alcohol, natural gas, pure alcohol as early as H2
KLiCO aqueous phosphoric acid electrolyte salt dissolved ZrO 2-Y 2 O 3 (8YSZ) ions (Na ions) pa3285u-1brs battery, pa3285u-2brs battery, pa3284u-1brs battery, toshiba tecra a1 battery
Porous graphite anode (Pt catalyst) porous nickel (not to Pt catalyst) Ni-ZrO2 cermet (not to Pt catalyst) porous graphite or Ni (Pt catalyst)
Pt cathode catalysts with porous graphite + + Tefion porous NiO (Li-doped) Laxsri-Mn (Co) O 3 porous graphite or Ni (Pt catalyst)
More than four kinds of fuel cells have their own characteristics, but also their different technical barriers and the development direction, but as a member of the fuel cell, they have the same general character, for which, combined with the characteristics of various types of batteries, fuel cells are summarized in the research and development should focus on several aspects.
Electrolyte membrane: H + only allows through, but did not break down the fuel does not allow infiltration of the past. Therefore, to study the electrolyte membrane including the proton conductivity of the electrolyte membrane, gas and other fuels to reduce the infiltration capacity, and enhance the redox and hydrolytic stability, improve the mechanical strength and thermal stability, in order to improve the surface properties and is suitable for catalyst combination. In addition, we must reduce costs and improve value for money.
Electrode: mostly due to fuel cell electrode as a gas electrode process, we must use a special electrode structure - porous gas diffusion electrode to improve battery life than the power.
Fuel: Study of fuel is the fuel of choice. At present, fuel cell applications, the main use of H 2 and CH 3 OH. Research on the replacement of fuel, fuel cells will enable the development of more sustainable.
System Architecture: System structure of the final results of the fuel cell. Because of the small fuel cell or micro fuel cell will be used in conjunction with the integrated circuit, so the development of system architecture is limited. How to carry out high-density fuel cell assembly, the realization of portable electronic devices in the application of fuel cells, has become one of research directions.
Catalyst: A fuel cell system must be high efficiency and high specific energy. To obtain high efficiency and high specific energy, it is necessary to improve the gaseous fuel and oxidizer in the process of the electrode reaction, namely, research and development of efficient catalysts. At present, the use of other inexpensive and effective catalyst for the replacement of the precious metal catalyst to become one of the catalysts.
The feasibility of fuel cell
In recent years, fuel cell research in the above there has been some progress, but in the commercialization of fuel cells are still there are number of obstacles. First of all, when the fuel cell produces water and CO 2, close to other electronic components as a result of the presence of water lead to short-circuit, so how to solve this by-product water is a very troublesome problem; Second, although the fuel cell "stack" of each theoretical voltage unit should be 1.24V, but based on traditional proton exchange membrane (PEM toshiba tecra a8 battery, toshiba satellite a15 battery, toshiba satellite a10 battery) of the DMFC can only achieve this level of 30%, how to improve the fuel cell power density is another hinder fuel cell commercialization of a problem; the last If you really want to commercialize, then because of the fuel chemical reagents involved in the packaging box if it is safe to design products of the size requirements, accessibility of the fuel box and whether the cost is a sufficient number of suitable, OEM manufacturers of products to support fuel cell system How are these problems and so need to be considered, of course, which involved, including the chemical raw materials, system design, marketing channels, such as the cooperation of many sectors, but as a battery manufacturer, the first with the above-mentioned second factor is still impede the fuel cell business of technical problems.
Application of fuel cells
To promote industrial development in the market is always an important factor. A smart market positioning will help to promote the industry development and growth can create the basis of the market.
Early demonstration of the industrial samples also exhibited a number of external fuel cell units, can be used as a charger and rechargeable cell phone, PDA and notebook computer batteries to provide energy. These have been published in 2004. However, because of the huge size of the initial time, and energy density are limited, these products can only be regarded as the concept of products. The real winners will be successfully integrated into the fuel cell products within the promotion of commercial vendors.
NEC in Japan in 2001 Electric trial a new type of polymer-based fuel cells, looks like a piece of biscuit. Its principle is the same as a lighter oil loading from the fuel injection petrol power supply for long-term use. With mobile phones it can be used on more than one computer can be also used for the past few days alone.
Motorola and (Los Alamos) National Laboratory to jointly develop a micro fuel cell. Expected that this battery is expected to one day replace the traditional batteries currently used for a wide range of electronic products for power supply, such as cellular phones, notebook computers, hand-held cameras, and electronic game consoles, such bottom-size batteries about 1 square inches, the thickness of less than 0.90 inches. Use liquid methanol as fuel, can be easily installed in various electronic products. Battery energy density over traditional rechargeable batteries 10 times.
Japan in the development of micro fuel cells and leading positions in the United States mainly in the automotive fuel cell development with the advantages above. Today, by the Japanese Economy, Trade and Industry proposed by Toyota Motor, Matsushita Electric, Tokyo Gas, Sanyo Electric and other fuel-cell a1185 battery, macbook 13 battery development in the enterprises set up joint development of fuel cell companies; the United States General Motors Corp. and BMW AG of Germany have entered into a fuel cell vehicles to develop Union; in China by the Joint Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian Sundiro several enterprises, such as the formation of a new source for fuel cell development companies. It is said that the International Electrotechnical Society IEEC has started the organization and implementation of fuel cells for the establishment of international standards, new source of power has also dispatched a technical representative of the standard of writing and revision of the views put forward by Chinese experts.
In the early 50's on the launch of fuel cell research. Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics and Electronics Department of Tianjin is China's 18 fuel-cell research to carry out the first batch of units. 70's major space use alkaline batteries as the main study. 90 In the early applications of the broad face, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Fudan University and other units to carry out the PEMFC research , should be of the Changchun, Shanghai Jiaotong University and other research carried out MCFC, Shanghai Silicate salt by the Beijing Chemical Metallurgy, DAYANG, SOFC Tsinghua University carried out research, also carried out studies of biological cells.
From China, the development of fuel cells, the domestic fuel cell mainly by national organizations and investment in the development of universities and institutes, the lack of a strong advance of large companies, small enterprises to invest in hate. Thus, although judging from the development agenda, China and developed countries in the international arena, "the same starting line", but due to the lack of large companies and the overall low level of industrialization of China will determine the areas of fuel cells in competition for the standard of competition in the commanding heights " weak constitution. " Therefore, China's fuel cell research and the practical application of competition with international counterparts in a time when considerable distances are necessary toshiba pa3534u-1brs battery, toshiba pa3535u-1brs battery, toshiba satellite a200 battery to speed up the pace to catch up.
